Difference between revisions of "Boolean Algebra"

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 +
=Boolean Algebra Precedence=
 +
the order of precedence for boolean algebra is:
 +
# Brackets
 +
# Not
 +
# And
 +
# Or
  
−
Any equation must be within the <nowiki><math> </math></nowiki> tags. For Boolean alegbra the main issue is how to negate a term like:
+
=Boolean Identities=
 +
===TRC Video===
 +
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ym73-rgnrOQ</youtube>
  
−
<math> \overline{a}</math> or <math> \overline{\overline{a}+b}</math>
+
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ym73-rgnrOQ
  
−
this can be done by adding the following around any term you wish to negate.:
+
===Using AND===
−
 
 
−
<nowiki><math> \overline{} </math></nowiki> 
 
−
 
 
−
<math> \overline{a}</math>
 
−
 
 
−
is
 
−
 
 
−
<nowiki> <math> \overline{a} </math></nowiki>
 
−
 
 
−
<math> \overline{\overline{a}+b}</math>
 
−
 
 
−
is
 
−
 
 
−
<nowiki> <math> \overline{\overline{a}+b} </math></nowiki>.
 
−
 
 
−
=Identities=
 
−
==AND Identities==
 
  
 
<math> A.1 = A </math>
 
<math> A.1 = A </math>
Line 39: Line 30:
 
Here the output will be 0, regardless of A's value. A would have to be 1 and 0 for the output to be 1. This means we can simplify this to just 0.
 
Here the output will be 0, regardless of A's value. A would have to be 1 and 0 for the output to be 1. This means we can simplify this to just 0.
  
−
==OR Identities==
+
===Using OR===
 
<math> 0+A = A </math>
 
<math> 0+A = A </math>
  
Line 46: Line 37:
 
<math> 1+A = 1 </math>
 
<math> 1+A = 1 </math>
  
−
1 or A can be simplified as just A.
+
1 or A can be simplified as just 1.
  
 
<math> A+A=A</math>
 
<math> A+A=A</math>
Line 56: Line 47:
 
NOT A or A can be simplified as just 1.
 
NOT A or A can be simplified as just 1.
  
−
=Laws=
+
=Boolean Laws=
 +
===TRC Video===
 +
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cdqj4XDsUVY</youtube>
 +
 
 +
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cdqj4XDsUVY
 +
 
 
==Commutative Law==
 
==Commutative Law==
 
The Commutative Law is where equations are the same no matter what way around the letters are written. For example
 
The Commutative Law is where equations are the same no matter what way around the letters are written. For example
Line 90: Line 86:
 
<math> A+(B.C) = (A+B).(A+C) </math>
 
<math> A+(B.C) = (A+B).(A+C) </math>
  
−
This is essentially factorising or expanding the brackets, but you can also:
+
This is essentially factorising or expanding the brackets, but you can also remove the common factor:
  
 
<math> A.B + A.C = A.(B+C)</math>
 
<math> A.B + A.C = A.(B+C)</math>
  
 
<math> A+B.A+C = A+(B.C) </math>
 
<math> A+B.A+C = A+(B.C) </math>
 +
 +
You can also remove the common factor if you only have 1 term on one side:
 +
 +
<math>
 +
A.(A + B) = (0+A) . (A + B)
 +
</math>
 +
 +
<math>
 +
A+(A . B) = (1.A) + (A . B)
 +
</math>
 +
 +
if the symbol inside the brackets is a '+' you can add '+0' or if the symbol inside the brackets is '.' you can add '.1'. Doing this will not change the nature of the brackets because 'A' is the same as 'A+0' and is the same as 'A.1'.
  
 
==Redundancy Law==
 
==Redundancy Law==
−
Law 1 :
+
===Law 1 :===
−
<math> A + B \overline{A} = A + B </math>
+
<math> A + (\overline{A}. B) = A + B </math>
  
 
Proof :  
 
Proof :  
  
−
<math>= A + B \overline{A} \\
+
<math>= A + (\overline{A}. B) = A + B  \\
 
= (A + \overline{A})(A + B) \\
 
= (A + \overline{A})(A + B) \\
 
= 1 . (A + B) \\
 
= 1 . (A + B) \\
 
= A + B </math>
 
= A + B </math>
  
 +
<hr>
  
−
Law 2:
+
===Law 2:===
 
<math> A.(\overline{A} + B) = A.B</math>
 
<math> A.(\overline{A} + B) = A.B</math>
  
Line 117: Line 126:
 
= 0 + A.B \\
 
= 0 + A.B \\
 
= A.B </math>
 
= A.B </math>
 +
 +
<hr>
 +
===Law 3:===
 +
<math> A.(A + B) = A</math>
 +
 +
Proof using distributive law:
 +
 +
<math>
 +
A.(A + B) = (0+A) . (A + B)
 +
</math>
 +
 +
So:
 +
<math>
 +
A + (0 . B)
 +
</math>
 +
 +
So:
 +
<math>
 +
A + 0 = A
 +
</math>
 +
 +
<hr>
 +
===Law 4:===
 +
<math> A+(A . B) = A</math>
 +
 +
Proof using distributive law:
 +
 +
<math>
 +
A+(A . B) = (1 . A) + (A . B)
 +
</math>
 +
 +
So:
 +
<math>
 +
A . (1 + B)
 +
</math>
 +
 +
So:
 +
<math>
 +
A . 1 = A
 +
</math>
  
 
==Identity Law==
 
==Identity Law==
Line 130: Line 179:
 
<math> \overline{ \overline{A} } = A </math>
 
<math> \overline{ \overline{A} } = A </math>
  
−
=Equations=
+
=Solving Boolean Equations=
 
Solving equations is a matter of applying the laws of boolean algrebra, followed by any of the identities you can find:
 
Solving equations is a matter of applying the laws of boolean algrebra, followed by any of the identities you can find:
 +
===TRC Video===
 +
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1r1D__NMGg</youtube>
 +
 +
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1r1D__NMGg
  
−
==Example 1==
+
===Example 1===
−
<math> \overline{\overline{A}} . \overline{(B+C)} = A. \overline{B} . \overline{C} </math>
+
<math>
−
<br /><br />
+
𝐶+(𝐶.𝐷)
−
<math> \overline{\overline{A}} = A </math>    ''Use Negation Law''
+
</math>
−
<br /><br />
 
−
<math> \overline{(B+C)} = (\overline{B} . \overline{C}) </math>    ''Use De Morgan's Law''
 
−
<br /><br />
 
−
<math> A . (\overline{B} . \overline{C}) = A . \overline{B} . \overline{C} </math>   ''Use Associate Law''
 
  
−
==Example 2==
+
------------------------------------
−
<math> (\overline{A} + A) . (\overline{A} + C) </math>
 
  
−
OR Identity
+
Take out the common factor C:
  
−
<math>(\overline{A} + A) = 1</math>
+
<math>(C.D)+(C.1)=C.(D+1)</math>,
  
−
AND Identity
+
We know that <math>1+A=1</math>,
  
−
<math>= 1.(\overline{A} + C)</math>
+
Therefore, <math>C.1</math>,
  
−
Simplify
+
Use identity <math>A.1=A</math>,
  
−
<math>= (\overline{A} + C)</math>
+
Answer = <math>C</math>
  
−
==Example 3==
+
------------------------------------
−
<math>(X + Y) . (X + \overline{Y})</math>
+
 
−
<br>Distributive:
+
===Example 2===
−
<br><math>X . (Y + \overline{Y})</math>
+
'''A.(C+A)'''
−
<br>Identity laws:
+
 
−
<br><math>Y + \overline{Y} = 1</math>
+
 
−
<p><math> X.1 = X</math>
+
------------------------------------
 +
|Use Distributive Law|
 +
 
 +
->'''(A.C)+(A.A)'''
 +
 
 +
|Use Identity|
 +
'''A.A=A'''
 +
 
 +
->'''(A.C)+A'''
  
−
==Example 4==
+
|This is the same as writing (could straight apply redundancy rule here)|
  
−
Expression Rule(s) Used
+
->'''(A.C)+(A.1)'''
−
C + BC Original Expression
 
−
C + (B + C) DeMorgan's Law.
 
−
(C + C) + B Commutative, Associative Laws.
 
−
T + B Complement Law.
 
−
T Identity Law.
 
  
−
==Example 5==
+
|Take out the common factor|
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|-
 
−
! Simplify:  !! AB(A + B)(B + B):
 
−
|-
 
−
| Expression || Rule(s) Used
 
−
|-
 
−
| AB(A + B)(B + B) || Original Expression
 
−
|-
 
−
| AB(A + B) || Complement law, Identity law.
 
−
|-
 
−
| (A + B)(A + B) || DeMorgan's Law
 
−
|-
 
−
| A + BB || Distributive law. This step uses the fact that or distributes over and. It can look a bit strange since addition does not distribute over multiplication
 
−
|-
 
−
| A || Complement, Identity
 
−
|}
 
  
−
==Example 6==
+
->'''A.(C+1)'''
−
<math>
 
−
\overline{A.B}(\overline{A} + B)(\overline{B} + B) </math>      Original Expression
 
  
−
<math>
+
|Use Identity|
−
\overline{AB}(\overline{A} + B) </math> Complement law, Identity law.
+
'''C+1 = 1'''
  
−
<math>
+
->'''A'''
−
(\overline{A} + \overline{B})(\overline{A} + B) </math> DeMorgan's Law
 
  
 +
===Example 3===
 
<math>
 
<math>
−
\overline{A} + \overline{B}.B </math> Distributive law. This step uses the fact that or distributes over and.
+
𝐵.(𝐴+\overline{𝐵})
 +
</math>
  
−
<math>
+
------------------------------------
−
\overline{A} </math> Complement, Identity.
+
B.(A+ NOT B)
 +
REDUNDANCY
 +
(A + NOT B)
 +
REDUNDANCY
  
−
==Example 7==
+
ANSWER = NOT B
  
 +
===Example 4===
 +
<math>
 +
𝑋.(\overline{𝑋}+𝑌)
 +
</math>
  
−
SIMPLIFY <math>(A + C)A + AC + C</math>
+
------------------------------------
 +
<math>
 +
𝑋.\overline{𝑋} = 0 
 +
</math>
  
 +
<math>
 +
0+𝑌 = 𝑌
 +
</math>
  
−
<math>(A + C)A + AC + C</math> Complement, Identity.
+
===Example 5===
 +
<math>
 +
𝑋.(X+\overline{Y})
 +
</math>
  
 +
------------------------------------
 +
<math>
 +
(0+𝑋).(X+\overline{Y})
 +
</math>
  
−
<math>A((A + C) + C) + C</math> Commutative, Distributive.
+
<math>
 +
𝑋+(0.\overline{Y})
 +
</math>
  
 +
<math>
 +
𝑋+(0)
 +
</math>
  
−
<math>A(A + C) + C</math> Associative, Idempotent.
+
<math>
 +
𝑋
 +
</math>
  
 +
===Example 8===
 +
<math>
 +
𝐷.𝐸+𝐸.\overline{𝐷}
 +
</math>
 +
------------------------------------
 +
D.E+E.D
 +
Distributivetive Law
 +
D.(E+D)
 +
Redundancy Law
 +
D
  
−
<math>AA + AC + C</math> Distributive.
+
===Example 13===
 +
<math>
 +
(\overline {A}+\overline {B}).B
 +
</math>
  
 +
------------------------------------
 +
Expand the brackets:
 +
<math>
 +
(\overline {A} . B) + (\overline{B} . B)
 +
</math>
  
−
<math>A + (A + T)C</math> Idempotent, Identity, Distributive.
+
Not B AND B = 0:
 +
<math>
 +
\overline {A}.B) + (0)
 +
</math>
  
 +
Something OR 0 is Something:
 +
<math>
 +
\overline {A}.B
 +
</math>
  
−
<math>A + C</math> Identity, twice.
+
===Example 14===
 +
<math>
 +
\overline{B} + (A.B)
 +
</math>
  
−
==Example 8==
+
------------------------------------
 +
(B) + (A.B)
 +
Distributive Law.
 +
(B + A) . (B + B)
 +
Not B cancels out.
 +
B + A . 1
 +
= B+A
  
  
−
===Simplify===  
+
===Example 19===
−
<math> (X+Y).(X+\overline{Y}) </math>  
+
<math>(X + Y) . (X + \overline{Y})</math>
  
−
===solution===
+
------------------------------------
 +
<br>Distributive:
 +
<br><math>X . (Y + \overline{Y})</math>
 +
<br>Identity laws:
 +
<br><math>Y + \overline{Y} = 1</math>
 +
<p><math> X.1 = X</math>
 +
====Alternative====
 
<math> X.X + X.\overline{Y} + Y.X + Y.\overline{Y} </math> Expanding the brackets
 
<math> X.X + X.\overline{Y} + Y.X + Y.\overline{Y} </math> Expanding the brackets
  
Line 250: Line 351:
 
<math> X </math>
 
<math> X </math>
  
−
==Example 9==
+
=====End of Page=====
−
<math> (X + Y) . (X + \overline{Y}) </math>
 
−
 
 
−
<math> X + (Y.\overline{Y}) </math>
 
−
 
 
−
<math> (Y.\overline{Y}) = 0 </math>
 
−
 
 
−
<math> X + 0 </math>
 
−
 
 
−
<math> X </math>
 
−
 
 
−
<math> (X + Y) . (X + \overline{Y}) = X  </math>
 
−
 
 
−
==Example 10==
 

Latest revision as of 08:10, 23 August 2023

Boolean Algebra Precedence

the order of precedence for boolean algebra is:

  1. Brackets
  2. Not
  3. And
  4. Or

Boolean Identities

TRC Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ym73-rgnrOQ

Using AND

[math] A.1 = A [/math]

This equation means that the output is determined by the value of A. So if A =0, The output is 0, and vice versa.

[math] 0.A = 0 [/math]

Because there is a 0 in this equation, the output of this will always be 0 regardless of the value of A.

[math] A.A = A[/math]

The output is determined by A alone in this equation. This can be simplified to just "A".

[math] A.\overline{A}=0 [/math]

Here the output will be 0, regardless of A's value. A would have to be 1 and 0 for the output to be 1. This means we can simplify this to just 0.

Using OR

[math] 0+A = A [/math]

0 or A can be simplified as just A.

[math] 1+A = 1 [/math]

1 or A can be simplified as just 1.

[math] A+A=A[/math]

A or A can be simplified as just A.

[math] \overline{A}+A=1[/math]

NOT A or A can be simplified as just 1.

Boolean Laws

TRC Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cdqj4XDsUVY

Commutative Law

The Commutative Law is where equations are the same no matter what way around the letters are written. For example

[math] A+B = B+A [/math]

or

[math] A.B = B.A [/math]

Associate Law

If all of the symbols are the same it doesn't matter which order the equation is evaluated.

[math] A+(B+C) = B + (A+C) [/math]

[math] A+(B+C) = B + (A+C) [/math]

[math] A+(B+C) = C + (A+B) [/math]

So:

[math] A.(B.C) = B . (A.C) [/math]

[math] A.(B.C) = B . (A.C) [/math]

[math] A.(B.C) = C . (A.B) [/math]

Distributive Law

The distributive law is these two equations.

[math] A.(B+C) = A.B + A.C [/math]

[math] A+(B.C) = (A+B).(A+C) [/math]

This is essentially factorising or expanding the brackets, but you can also remove the common factor:

[math] A.B + A.C = A.(B+C)[/math]

[math] A+B.A+C = A+(B.C) [/math]

You can also remove the common factor if you only have 1 term on one side:

[math] A.(A + B) = (0+A) . (A + B) [/math]

[math] A+(A . B) = (1.A) + (A . B) [/math]

if the symbol inside the brackets is a '+' you can add '+0' or if the symbol inside the brackets is '.' you can add '.1'. Doing this will not change the nature of the brackets because 'A' is the same as 'A+0' and is the same as 'A.1'.

Redundancy Law

Law 1 :

[math] A + (\overline{A}. B) = A + B [/math]

Proof :

[math]= A + (\overline{A}. B) = A + B \\ = (A + \overline{A})(A + B) \\ = 1 . (A + B) \\ = A + B [/math]

Law 2:

[math] A.(\overline{A} + B) = A.B[/math]

Proof :

[math]= A.(\overline{A} + B) \\ = A.\overline{A} + A.B \\ = 0 + A.B \\ = A.B [/math]

Law 3:

[math] A.(A + B) = A[/math]

Proof using distributive law:

[math] A.(A + B) = (0+A) . (A + B) [/math]

So: [math] A + (0 . B) [/math]

So: [math] A + 0 = A [/math]

Law 4:

[math] A+(A . B) = A[/math]

Proof using distributive law:

[math] A+(A . B) = (1 . A) + (A . B) [/math]

So: [math] A . (1 + B) [/math]

So: [math] A . 1 = A [/math]

Identity Law

This is also in the identities section:

[math] A.A = A [/math]

[math] A+A = A [/math]

Negation Law

Just like in any other logic negating a negative is a positive so:

[math] \overline{ \overline{A} } = A [/math]

Solving Boolean Equations

Solving equations is a matter of applying the laws of boolean algrebra, followed by any of the identities you can find:

TRC Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1r1D__NMGg

Example 1

[math] 𝐶+(𝐶.𝐷) [/math]

Take out the common factor C:

[math](C.D)+(C.1)=C.(D+1)[/math],

We know that [math]1+A=1[/math],

Therefore, [math]C.1[/math],

Use identity [math]A.1=A[/math],

Answer = [math]C[/math]

Example 2

A.(C+A)


|Use Distributive Law|

->(A.C)+(A.A)

|Use Identity| A.A=A

->(A.C)+A

|This is the same as writing (could straight apply redundancy rule here)|

->(A.C)+(A.1)

|Take out the common factor|

->A.(C+1)

|Use Identity| C+1 = 1

->A

Example 3

[math] 𝐵.(𝐴+\overline{𝐵}) [/math]

B.(A+ NOT B) REDUNDANCY (A + NOT B) REDUNDANCY

ANSWER = NOT B

Example 4

[math] 𝑋.(\overline{𝑋}+𝑌) [/math]

[math] 𝑋.\overline{𝑋} = 0 [/math]

[math] 0+𝑌 = 𝑌 [/math]

Example 5

[math] 𝑋.(X+\overline{Y}) [/math]

[math] (0+𝑋).(X+\overline{Y}) [/math]

[math] 𝑋+(0.\overline{Y}) [/math]

[math] 𝑋+(0) [/math]

[math] 𝑋 [/math]

Example 8

[math] 𝐷.𝐸+𝐸.\overline{𝐷} [/math]

D.E+E.D Distributivetive Law D.(E+D) Redundancy Law D

Example 13

[math] (\overline {A}+\overline {B}).B [/math]

Expand the brackets: [math] (\overline {A} . B) + (\overline{B} . B) [/math]

Not B AND B = 0: [math] \overline {A}.B) + (0) [/math]

Something OR 0 is Something: [math] \overline {A}.B [/math]

Example 14

[math] \overline{B} + (A.B) [/math]

(B) + (A.B) Distributive Law. (B + A) . (B + B) Not B cancels out. B + A . 1 = B+A


Example 19

[math](X + Y) . (X + \overline{Y})[/math]


Distributive:
[math]X . (Y + \overline{Y})[/math]
Identity laws:
[math]Y + \overline{Y} = 1[/math]

[math] X.1 = X[/math]

Alternative

[math] X.X + X.\overline{Y} + Y.X + Y.\overline{Y} [/math] Expanding the brackets

[math] X + X.\overline{Y} + Y.X + 0 [/math] Use of [math] X.X = X [/math] and [math] Y.\overline{Y} = 0 [/math]

[math] X + X(\overline{Y}+Y) [/math] Taking X out of the brackets

[math] X + X(1) [/math] Use of [math] Y + \overline{Y} = 1 [/math]

[math] X(1) [/math]

[math] X [/math]

End of Page
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